States use different policy levers to decide how to sentence people, Shannon said. For example, Georgia and Minnesota have high rates of people on felony probation, though Minnesota is a low incarceration state. Georgia leads the nation in rates of probation. Because states differ on how they report statistics to the Bureau of Justice Statistics and on other measures such as recidivism, the researchers present ranges to reflect error and uncertainty in the data.
This is especially true in the case of race and ethnicity. Historically, data have included race in terms of whites and African-Americans. But states differ in how and whether they define Hispanic and Latino ethnicity. Love, Margaret, and David Schlussel. Who Must Pay to Regain the Vote? A State Survey. Collateral Consequences Research Center. Manza, Jeff and Christopher Uggen.
New York: Oxford University Press. McLeod, Morgan. McNeil, Walter. Porter, Nicole D. Uggen, Christopher and Jeff Manza. In the past 25 years, half the states have changed their laws and practices to expand voting access to people with felony convictions. Despite these important reforms, 5. Overview In this presidential election year, the question of voting restrictions, and their disproportionate impact on Black and Brown communities, should receive greater public attention.
Our key findings include the following: As of , an estimated 5. There were an estimated 1. One out of 44 adults — 2. Individuals who have completed their sentences in the eleven states that disenfranchise at least some people post-sentence make up most 43 percent of the entire disenfranchised population, totaling 2.
Rates of disenfranchisement vary dramatically by state due to broad variations in voting prohibitions. In three states — Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee — more than 8 percent of the adult population, one of every thirteen people, is disenfranchised. We estimate that nearly , Floridians who have completed their sentences remain disenfranchised, despite a ballot referendum that promised to restore their voting rights.
One in 16 African Americans of voting age is disenfranchised, a rate 3. Over 6. African American disenfranchisement rates vary significantly by state. In seven states — Alabama, Florida, Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee, Virginia, and Wyoming — more than one in seven African Americans is disenfranchised, twice the national average for African Americans.
Although data on ethnicity in correctional populations are still unevenly reported, we can conservatively estimate that over , Latinx Americans or over 2 percent of the voting eligible population are disenfranchised.
Approximately 1. State Disenfranchisement Law To compile estimates of disenfranchised populations, we take into account new U. Table 1.
California — In , lawmakers restored voting rights to people convicted of a felony offense housed in jail, but not in prison. That year, officials authorized persons sentenced to prison to be released to probation rather than parole, affirming voting rights for residents under felony community supervision.
New York — In , Governor Cuomo reviewed and restored voting rights to persons currently on parole via executive order. There is currently no assurance that this practice will continue, however, so New York is listed as a state that continues to disenfranchise people on parole. Louisiana — In , authorized voting for residents under an order of imprisonment for a felony who have not been incarcerated for five years, including those on probation and parole.
Arizona — Permanently disenfranchises persons with two or more felony convictions. In , removed the requirement to pay outstanding fines before rights are automatically restored for first time felony offenses only.
Delaware — In , removed the five-year waiting period to regain voting eligibility. Apart from some disqualifying offenses, people convicted of a felony are now eligible to vote upon completion of sentence and supervision.
Florida — In , voters passed an amendment to restore voting rights to most people after sentence completion. In , legislation was passed that made restoration conditional on payment of all restitution, fees, and fines.
As of October, , only the rights of those who had paid all legal financial obligations fines and fees had been restored. Iowa — In , Governor Reynolds signed an executive order restoring voting rights to people who have completed their sentences, except for those convicted of homicide. This follows previous executive orders from Governor Vilsack restoring voting rights to individuals who had completed their sentences in and Governor Branstad reversing this executive order in Kentucky — In , Governor A.
Beshear issued an executive order restoring voting rights to those who had completed sentences for nonviolent offenses. This follows a similar executive order by Governor S. Beshear, which had been rescinded by Governor Bevin later that year. Mississippi — Permanently disenfranchises individuals convicted of certain offenses. Nebraska — In , reduced its indefinite ban on post-sentence voting to a two-year waiting period.
Tennessee — Disenfranchises those convicted of certain felonies since , in addition to those convicted of select crimes prior to Others must apply to the Board of Probation and Parole for restoration.
Virginia — In , Governor Northam reported that his administration has restored voting rights to 22, Virginians previously convicted of felonies.
Governor McAuliffe had earlier restored rights to , Wyoming — In , restored voting rights after five years to people who complete sentences for first-time, non-violent felony convictions. Methodology We estimated the number of people released from prison and those who have completed their terms of parole or probation based on demographic life tables for each state, as described in Uggen, Manza, and Thompson and Shannon et al.
Disenfranchisement in Figure 1 shows the distribution of the 5,, disenfranchised individuals across correctional populations. Figure 1.
Disenfranchisement Distribution Across Correctional Populations, Download PDF. Related Posts publications. Nicole D. The Pennsylvania General Assembly is considering ending lifetime parole supervision. Nazgol Ghandnoosh, Ph. In Florida, some can avoid a formal felony conviction by successfully completing a period of probation. This law used to say that people convicted of a felony could not register to vote for 5 years after their release from prison.
This is no longer true. If you are a person with a felony conviction, you may be able to register to vote. Then sign your name. Who Are My Elected Officials? Information for people who have been convicted of a felony. Even if you have been convicted of a felony or misdemeanor or are in pretrial detention you may be able to vote.
Can I register and vote? You can register and vote if you: Are a pretrial detainee , confined in a penal institution awaiting trial on charges of a felony or a misdemeanor. Were ever convicted of a misdemeanor. Got released or will get released by the date of the next election from a correctional facility or halfway house.
This must be upon completion of the term of incarceration for conviction of a misdemeanor or a felony. Are on probation or released on parole.
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